From exoplanets, with their surprising lack of spectral features, to Titan and its characteristic haze layer, numerous planetary atmospheres may possess photochemically produced particles of "haze".  With few exceptions, we lack strong observational constraints (in situ or remote sensing) on the size, shape, density, and composition of these particles. Photochemical models, which can generally explain the observed abundances of smaller, gas phase molecules, are not well suited for investigations of much larger, solid phase particles.

The application of nanotechnologies into medicine promises to offer solutions when applied to health challenges such as cancer. In particular the development of local therapies will reduce side effects associated with systemic administration of chemotherapy drugs, and will allow preservation or limited resection of organs with small size tumors. Local therapy is also indicated to overcome the intrinsic biological resistance of certain incurable malignancies, leading to failure of conventional treatment approaches.